also known as Byzantium and Constantinople, the city reflects two cultures: at one time, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and a site of Christianity. Seven Ecumenical councils were held in Turkey between the 3rd – 8th centuries, three of them in Istanbul. At another time it was the stronghold of the Ottoman Empire, embracing Islamic ideals. Our day of sightseeing will include visits to the famed TopkapiPalace, the Blue Mosque (so-named from its decorative blue-shaded tiles, glass and gemstones), the Santa Sophia Church, Aqueducts of Valens, theHipodrome and theGrand Bazaar. Dinner and overnight in Istanbul.